Nattokinase Benefits Explained

Decoding Nattokinase Benefits An Exhaustive Guide to This Potent Enzyme

Nattokinase, a powerful enzyme derived from the traditional Japanese fermented soybean dish known as natto, has garnered significant attention in the world of dietary supplements. For centuries, natto has been revered in Japan not only for its unique taste and texture but also for its perceived health-promoting properties. Modern science has begun to unravel the secrets behind natto’s health benefits, identifying nattokinase as a key bioactive component, particularly noted for its profound effects on the cardiovascular system. This exhaustive article delves deep into the known benefits of nattokinase, exploring the science behind its actions, its potential applications, and what you need to know before considering this fascinating supplement.

The Ancient Origins of Nattokinase From Natto to Supplement

To truly understand nattokinase, we must first understand its source natto. Natto is produced by fermenting soybeans with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis natto. This fermentation process breaks down the soybeans and produces various compounds, including a sticky, stringy substance rich in enzymes. One of the most active and beneficial of these enzymes is nattokinase. Historically, natto has been consumed in Japan for over a thousand years, often as a breakfast food. Its traditional preparation and consumption are deeply ingrained in Japanese culture. It was observed that populations with high natto consumption often exhibited lower rates of cardiovascular diseases, sparking scientific interest in isolating and studying its components. In 1980, Dr. Hiroyuki Sumi, a researcher at the University of Chicago who later worked at the Japan Bio Science Laboratories, discovered that an enzyme extracted from natto possessed potent fibrinolytic activity – the ability to break down fibrin, a protein crucial for blood clot formation. He named this enzyme “nattokinase,” meaning “enzyme from natto.” This discovery marked the beginning of the scientific investigation into nattokinase as a potential therapeutic agent and dietary supplement.

The Science Behind Nattokinase Unraveling Its Enzymatic Power

At its core, nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme, meaning it’s an enzyme that cuts proteins using a serine residue in its active site. While many enzymes exist, nattokinase is particularly interesting due to its specific targets and mechanisms of action within the body, primarily related to the circulatory system. The most well-established mechanism of nattokinase is its direct fibrinolytic activity. Fibrin is a fibrous protein that forms the meshwork of a blood clot. It is produced from fibrinogen during the coagulation cascade. Nattokinase can directly cleave fibrin, effectively dissolving blood clots. This is a significant property because excessive or inappropriate blood clot formation (thrombosis) is a major underlying cause of many cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes. However, the benefits of nattokinase extend beyond direct fibrin breakdown. Research suggests it may also exert its effects through indirect mechanisms

1. Stimulating Plasmin Production: Plasmin is the body’s primary enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis. Nattokinase is thought to stimulate the body’s production of plasmin, thus enhancing the natural clot-dissolving process.
2. Inhibiting Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): PAI-1 is a molecule that inhibits the activity of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), which is responsible for converting plasminogen into plasmin. By inhibiting PAI-1, nattokinase can increase t-PA activity, leading to more plasmin production and enhanced fibrinolysis.
3. Degrading PAI-1 Directly: Some studies suggest nattokinase may also directly degrade PAI-1, further contributing to increased fibrinolytic activity.
4. Degrading Fibrinogen: While its primary target is fibrin, nattokinase may also help break down fibrinogen, the precursor to fibrin, potentially reducing the building blocks for clot formation.
5. Potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition: Emerging research indicates nattokinase may also possess ACE inhibitory properties. ACE is an enzyme that plays a key role in regulating blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Inhibiting ACE can lead to relaxation of blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This multi-faceted enzymatic action makes nattokinase a compelling subject of study for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in cardiovascular health.

Key Nattokinase Benefits Championing Cardiovascular Wellness

The most prominent and researched benefits of nattokinase revolve around its impact on the cardiovascular system. Its unique ability to interact with the body’s fibrinolytic and potentially renin-angiotensin systems positions it as a significant natural compound for supporting heart and circulatory health.

Promoting Healthy Blood Clotting and Fibrin Breakdown

This is arguably the most celebrated benefit of nattokinase. By directly breaking down fibrin and enhancing the body’s natural fibrinolytic mechanisms (via plasmin stimulation and PAI-1 inhibition), nattokinase can help prevent the formation of excessive blood clots and dissolve existing ones.

• Deep Dive: Unlike some anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs that primarily prevent clot formation by affecting clotting factors or platelet aggregation, nattokinase directly targets the fibrin mesh itself. This is particularly relevant for dissolving pre-formed clots, making it potentially beneficial for conditions where abnormal clotting is a risk. Studies have shown that nattokinase can reduce plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII (another clotting factor), and PAI-1, all contributing to a reduced risk of thrombosis. While not a substitute for prescription anticoagulants, its natural fibrinolytic activity offers a complementary approach to maintaining healthy blood viscosity and flow, potentially lowering the risk of conditions like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), stroke, and heart attack, especially in individuals with elevated clotting risk factors.

Supporting Healthy Blood Pressure Levels

Beyond its effects on clotting, nattokinase has shown promise in helping to manage blood pressure, particularly in individuals with mild to moderate hypertension. This benefit is primarily attributed to its potential ACE inhibitory activity.

• Deep Dive: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. ACE inhibitors are a class of prescription drugs commonly used to lower blood pressure. By potentially mimicking this action, nattokinase could help relax blood vessels, reducing peripheral resistance and lowering blood pressure. Clinical studies have investigated this effect, with some showing statistically significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals after supplementation with nattokinase. While the effect may be modest compared to prescription medications, it offers a natural avenue for blood pressure support, particularly as part of a comprehensive lifestyle approach including diet and exercise.

Improving Blood Circulation and Flow

By reducing blood viscosity through fibrin breakdown and potentially lowering blood pressure, nattokinase can contribute to improved overall blood circulation. Healthy blood flow is essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to all tissues and organs and removing waste products.

• Deep Dive: Sluggish circulation can lead to various symptoms, including cold extremities, fatigue, and increased risk of blood clots. By helping to keep blood flowing smoothly and preventing the formation of blockages, nattokinase supports optimal circulatory function. This benefit is a direct consequence of its primary mechanisms – reduced clot burden and potentially lower vascular resistance. Improved circulation can have cascading positive effects on overall health and vitality.

Potential Impact on Atherosclerosis and Plaque Formation

While more research is needed, there is interest in nattokinase’s potential role beyond just clot dissolution, possibly influencing the atherosclerotic process itself. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque (composed of fat, cholesterol, and other substances) in the arteries, which can narrow vessels and restrict blood flow.

• Deep Dive: While nattokinase doesn’t directly dissolve cholesterol plaques, its ability to improve blood flow, reduce blood pressure, and potentially reduce inflammation (though this is less studied) might indirectly benefit individuals with atherosclerosis. Some hypotheses suggest that by improving vascular function and reducing the likelihood of clots forming on existing plaques (thrombosis over plaque rupture is a major cause of heart attacks and strokes), nattokinase could play a supportive role. Additionally, fibrin is often found within atherosclerotic plaques; the ability of nattokinase to degrade fibrin might potentially influence plaque composition or stability, although this is a more speculative area requiring robust clinical investigation.

Reducing Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases

Ultimately, the combined effects of nattokinase – supporting healthy clotting, aiding blood pressure management, and improving circulation – contribute to a reduction in multiple key risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. By addressing these underlying issues, nattokinase offers a holistic approach to supporting long-term heart health.

• Deep Dive: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally. Managing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and pro-thrombotic states is crucial for prevention. Nattokinase directly impacts two significant modifiable risk factors blood clotting propensity and blood pressure. While it doesn’t directly lower cholesterol, its benefits are complementary to other strategies aimed at reducing overall cardiovascular risk. Integrating nattokinase into a comprehensive strategy that includes a healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking can further amplify efforts to protect heart health.

Nattokinase and Beyond Exploring Other Potential Health Applications

While cardiovascular benefits are the most well-established, preliminary research and anecdotal evidence suggest nattokinase may offer benefits in other areas of health, primarily related to its enzymatic activity and potential to break down proteins and reduce viscosity.

Respiratory Health and Sinus Issues

One intriguing area of research explores nattokinase’s potential to support respiratory health, particularly in conditions involving thick mucus or biofilms.

• Deep Dive: Nattokinase’s ability to break down proteins extends beyond fibrin. Studies have investigated its effect on the protein matrix of biofilms, which are complex communities of bacteria encased in a protective slime layer. Biofilms are implicated in chronic infections, including chronic sinusitis. Research suggests nattokinase may help degrade the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of biofilms, potentially making bacteria within the biofilm more susceptible to antibiotics or the body’s immune system. Furthermore, its potential mucolytic properties (breaking down mucus) could help thin respiratory secretions, making them easier to clear. This could be beneficial for conditions like bronchitis, sinusitis, or even chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), though clinical trials in humans for these specific applications are still relatively limited.

Eye Health and Fibrin Deposits

Fibrin can accumulate in various parts of the body, including the eye, potentially contributing to certain ophthalmic conditions.

• Deep Dive: Conditions like subretinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage involve bleeding and the subsequent formation of fibrin clots within the eye. While injecting fibrinolytic agents directly into the eye is a medical procedure, the systemic fibrinolytic effects of oral nattokinase have led to exploration of its potential supportive role in helping the body clear these fibrin deposits. However, research in this area is very preliminary, and nattokinase should absolutely not be used as a substitute for conventional medical treatment for serious eye conditions. Its potential benefit would likely be as a complementary strategy, and robust clinical evidence is needed.

Inflammation and Immune Modulation

Some emerging research hints at potential anti-inflammatory or immune-modulating effects of nattokinase, though the mechanisms are not fully understood.

• Deep Dive: Chronic inflammation is a known contributor to many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. While nattokinase’s primary action is enzymatic, its effects on circulation and tissue oxygenation could indirectly influence inflammatory pathways. Some studies suggest it might affect cytokine levels, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation and immune responses. However, this area requires much more investigation to confirm any direct anti-inflammatory or immune benefits and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Practical Considerations Dosage, Safety, and Quality

Like any dietary supplement, using nattokinase requires understanding appropriate dosage, potential side effects, contraindications, and how to choose a quality product.

Typical Dosage Ranges

Nattokinase dosage is typically measured in Fibrinolytic Units (FU), which indicate the enzyme’s activity level – its ability to break down fibrin. Common dosages used in studies and recommended on supplements range from 100 mg to 200 mg, corresponding to 2,000 FU to 4,000 FU per day. Some studies have used higher doses, but 2,000 FU seems to be a widely accepted effective dose for supporting cardiovascular health. It is often recommended to take nattokinase between meals on an empty stomach to optimize absorption and enzymatic activity.

Safety Profile and Contraindications

Nattokinase is generally considered safe and well-tolerated when taken at recommended doses. However, due to its fibrinolytic properties, it can affect blood clotting.

• Contraindications: Nattokinase should NOT be taken by individuals who
• Are taking anticoagulant medications (blood thinners) such as Warfarin (Coumadin), heparin, clopidogrel (Plavix), aspirin (especially at higher doses), or novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) like rivaroxaban (Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis), dabigatran (Pradaxa). Combining nattokinase with these medications could excessively increase bleeding risk.
• Have a bleeding disorder (e.g, hemophilia, von Willebrand disease).
• Are scheduled for surgery, dental procedures, or have experienced recent trauma. It is generally recommended to discontinue nattokinase at least two weeks before any planned surgery.
• Have very low blood pressure, as it could potentially lower it further.
• Are pregnant or breastfeeding (due to lack of sufficient safety data).
• Have a known allergy to soybeans (though the enzyme is highly purified and may not contain soybean protein).
• Potential Interactions: Nattokinase may also interact with other supplements or herbs that affect blood clotting, such as garlic, ginger, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, fish oil (at very high doses), or dong quai. It is crucial to discuss the use of nattokinase with a healthcare provider, especially if you are on any medications or have underlying health conditions.

Potential Side Effects

Side effects are uncommon but can include minor gastrointestinal upset. The most significant potential side effect, especially if contraindications are ignored or dosage is excessive, is an increased risk of bleeding or bruising.

Choosing a Quality Supplement

The quality and potency of nattokinase supplements can vary. When selecting a product

1. Look for FU (Fibrinolytic Units): Ensure the dosage is listed in FU, as this indicates the enzyme’s activity. Aim for products providing at least 2,000 FU per serving for cardiovascular support.
2. Source: Nattokinase should be derived from Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation.
3. Third-Party Testing: Choose brands that undergo third-party testing for purity, potency, and absence of contaminants.
4. Nattokinase Alone vs. Blends: Decide if you want a product containing only nattokinase or a blend with other complementary ingredients (like serrapeptase or CoQ10), depending on your health goals.

Nattokinase A Complementary Approach, Not a Cure

It is vital to emphasize that nattokinase is a dietary supplement intended to support health, not a medication to treat, cure, or prevent any disease. While promising, the research on nattokinase is still evolving. It should never be used as a replacement for prescribed medications, especially for serious conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, or a history of blood clots. Nattokinase is best viewed as a complementary tool to support cardiovascular health when used alongside conventional medical care, a healthy diet, regular exercise, and other positive lifestyle choices. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any new supplement, particularly if you have existing health conditions, are taking medications, or are planning surgery. Your doctor can help you determine if nattokinase is appropriate for you and advise on potential interactions or risks.

Future Research and Unanswered Questions

Despite the compelling evidence for its cardiovascular benefits, research on nattokinase is ongoing, with many avenues still being explored.

• Long-term Efficacy and Safety: More large-scale, long-term clinical trials are needed to definitively establish the efficacy and safety of nattokinase supplementation over extended periods in diverse populations.
• Optimal Dosage for Specific Conditions: While 2,000-4,000 FU is common for general support, optimal dosages for specific conditions (e.g, post-thrombosis support, specific blood pressure targets) need further refinement through research.
• Mechanisms Beyond Fibrinolysis: Further investigation into its potential ACE inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-biofilm properties is required to solidify these benefits and understand their clinical relevance.
• Interactions: More detailed studies on potential interactions with various medications and other supplements are crucial for safe integration into health regimens.
• Standardization: Greater standardization across supplement formulations and testing methods would help ensure consistent quality and reliability. As research progresses, our understanding of nattokinase’s full potential and limitations will undoubtedly deepen.

Conclusion Nattokinase as a Natural Ally for Circulatory Health

Nattokinase stands out as a powerful enzyme with a strong scientific basis for its benefits, particularly in supporting cardiovascular health. Derived from the traditional Japanese food natto, this enzyme’s primary mechanism involves the breakdown of fibrin, a key component of blood clots. This fibrinolytic activity, coupled with its potential to enhance the body’s natural clot-dissolving processes and potentially support healthy blood pressure, makes nattokinase a valuable natural ally for maintaining healthy blood flow and reducing key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. From promoting healthy blood clotting and circulation to offering potential benefits for blood pressure management and even exploring roles in respiratory and eye health, nattokinase presents a fascinating profile. However, its enzymatic power necessitates careful consideration of safety, dosage, and potential interactions, especially for individuals on blood-thinning medications or those with bleeding disorders. When used responsibly and in consultation with healthcare professionals, nattokinase can be a significant addition to a proactive approach to health, particularly for those seeking natural ways to support their circulatory system and overall well-being. As research continues to unlock the full spectrum of its capabilities, nattokinase is poised to remain a prominent and promising natural compound in the quest for optimal health.